TRADITIONAL SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE

The goal of the Traditional System Life Cycle is to keep the project under control and assure that the information system produced, satisfies the requirements. The traditional system life cycle divides the project into a series of steps, each of which has distinct deliverables, such as documents or computer programs. This is known as the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The deliverables are related because each subsequent step builds on the conclusions of previous steps. Some deliverables are oriented toward the technical staff, whereas others are directed toward or produced by users and mangers. The latter ensure that users and their management are included in the system development process.                                

Although there is general agreement about what needs to be done in the traditional system life cycle, different authors name individual steps and deliverables differently. Many versions of the traditional system life cycle emphasize the building or software and de-emphasize what happens in the organization before and after software development. Because this article is directed at business professionals, its version of the traditional system life cycle emphasizes implementation and operation in the organization in addition to software development. 

The Four Phases of Traditional System Life Cycle are (Visit Table-I ):

1.   Initiation

2.   Development

3.   Implementation

4.   Operation and Maintenance 

Table-I : Phases and Steps of Traditional System Life Cycle

how we can see that Nova BBom comes back to work

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REPORT PRESENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

MARKETING RESEARCH PROCEDURE      

Marketing research is undertaken in order to improve the understanding about a marketing situation or problem and consequently improve the quality of decision-making related to it. The usefulness of the marketing research output will depend upon the way the research has been designed and implemented at each stage of the process. There are five steps in every marketing research process:  

A) Problem definition

B) Research design

C) Field work

D) Data analysis

E) Report presentation and implementation

                                                                                                  

E) REPORT PRESENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION:  

The final step is the preparation, presentation and implementation of a report giving the major findings and recommendations. A typical format of the report may comprise of the following sections:

a) Objectives and methodology in which the research objectives are stated and details of the sampling plan are described.

b) Summary of conclusions and recommendations in which the main findings of the research are highlighted. On the basis of the findings, some recommendations may be made.

c) Sample and its characteristics which contains descriptions of the sampling units in terms of their geographical location, socio-economic profile and other relevant details.

d) Detailed findings and observations in which the data which has collected is presented in a form which is easily comprehensible to the user. The data may be presented in tabular form or graphically in a bar chart, pictogram or pie diagram; or in a combination of all these.

e) Questionnaire and supporting research instruments are presented in the last section.

 

The research agency may or may not be involved in the implementation of the recommendation made in the report.

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MARKETING RESEARCH PROCEDURE

MARKETING RESEARCH PROCEDURE  

Marketing research is undertaken in order to improve the understanding about a marketing situation or problem and consequently improve the quality of decision-making related to it. The usefulness of the marketing research output will depend upon the way the research has been designed and implemented at each stage of the process. There are five steps in every marketing research process:  

A) PROBLEM DEFINITION

B) RESEARCH DESIGN

C) FIELD WORK

D) DATA ANALYSIS

E) REPORT PRESENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION  

A) PROBLEM DEFINITION: 

A problem is any situation which requires further investigations. However, not all marketing problems need formal investigation or research. Many problems are of a routine and trivial nature which can be solved immediately after ascertaining all the facts of the case. Your distributor wants 90 days credit against the usual 60 days because he is facing certain financial problems. You can immediately check the distributor's past record in honouring his outstanding and ascertain the genuineness of his problem and make a, decision.  

Some problems faced by marketing managers are such that they can be handled on the basis of past experience and intuition. Such decisions can only be made if the manager has been in the line for at least a couple of years. Decisions made on judgement may not always turn out to be correct, but the problem may not be important enough to justify substantial time, money and effort to be spent on solving it. But when the problem is critical, spending resources to initiate formal marketing research is warranted. Also when the problem is such that the manager has no past experience to guide him (as in case of a new product launch) or the decision will have a critical impact on the future of the company (diversification into new markets, new products) it is worthwhile to undertake research and make decisions on the basis of concrete results rather than mere hunch or judgement.  

It is very important that you define the problem for research properly. It is correctly said that ‘a problem well defined is half-solved’. Clear, precise, to the point statement of the problem itself provides clues for the solution. On the other hand, a vague, general, or inaccurate statement of the problem only confuses the researcher and can lead to wrong problems being researched and useless results generated.

Contrast the two following statements of the same marketing problem.

a)  Wrong Problem Definition :

Product    :  Laptop

Market     : West Zone

Problem   : Sales not picking up at the rate they should. 

b) Right Problem Definition

Product    :  Laptop

Market    : West Zone with special emphasis on Mumbai, Pune, Nasik, Ahmedabad, Boroda

Current market Share  :  17 percent

Market Segment : Non office customers like professionals, lawyers, doctors, accountants, consultants, journalists, Engineers and others.

Current market share in segment : 5.5 percent in non-office segments.

Problem   : In the year 2005-06 our brand of laptop achieved only a 2 percent growth rate as against 8 percent projected.

Marketing research problem :  To find out the reasons in the shortfall in growth rate in the non-office market segment and suggest a specific strategy to achieve a 15 percent market share in this segment by December 2008. Sales not picking up at the rate they should. 

Since problem definition is the first stage, useful information generated is likely to be unstructured, qualitative, tentative and exploratory. Depending on the results generated at this stage you would decide whether to extend the scope of research or stop it here.

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EVALUATION OF STRATEGY

EVALUATION OF STRATEGY

 

Strategy evaluation is the last stage of the strategic management process and comes after strategy formulation and implementation as shown below :

  

STRATEGY           –– STRATEGY                 –– STRATEGY

FORMULATION         IMPLEMENTATION        EVALUATION

 

An organization can have one of the best formulated and implemented strategies but if the evaluation of these are not done, they become obsolete over a period of time. Therefore, it becomes important to have an effective evaluation system so as to help the organization to achieve its objectives.  
 

The evaluation process involves the control mechanism, which helps in taking corrective actions. we are going to discuss the qualitative aspects and the portfolio analysis so as to develop a complete understanding of evaluation and control.

 

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